Các Mục tiêu Phát triển Bền vững kêu gọi hành động toàn cầu nhằm xóa đói giảm nghèo, bảo vệ môi trường và khí hậu trái đất và đảm bảo mọi người ở khắp mọi nơi có thể tận hưởng hòa bình và thịnh vượng. Đây là những mục tiêu mà Liên Hợp Quốc đang thực hiện ở Việt Nam.

The core objective of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to end and eradicate poverty in all its forms everywhere by 2030. This includes people living on less than 30,325 VND (equivalent to USD 1.25) per day, as well as vulnerable groups—men, women, and children of all ages—living in poverty under national definitions.

To achieve the goal of ending poverty, it is necessary to implement integrated social protection measures and establish policy frameworks that promote investment in poverty reduction activities. At the same time, strengthening development cooperation is essential to deliver appropriate solutions for the effective implementation of poverty eradication policies and programs in all dimensions.

By 2030, end hunger, achieve food security, and eliminate all forms of malnutrition. Ensure that all people—particularly the poor, vulnerable groups, and infants—have year-round access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. To achieve this goal, it is essential to ensure sustainable and resilient food production systems capable of increasing productivity and output. At the same time, international cooperation must be strengthened and investments increased in key areas such as rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development, and plant and livestock gene banks, in order to enhance agricultural production capacity in developing countries, particularly the least developed countries.

According to the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda, Goal 3 emphasizes that by 2030, global health should be improved and people of all ages should enjoy healthy and fulfilling lives. Historically and at present, humanity continues to face major challenges such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, hepatitis, infectious diseases, and illnesses linked to unsafe water sources; as well as high maternal, neonatal, and under-five mortality rates, and premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment gaps.

Therefore, achieving Goal 3 not only helps reduce mortality rates and ensure universal access to effective health-care services, but also contributes to strengthening global health and building a healthy, happy, and sustainable future.

To address challenges such as school dropout rates, gender disparities in education, and limited learning opportunities for people of all ages—especially vulnerable groups and persons with disabilities—the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda has established Goal 4 with specific targets to ensure inclusive, equitable, and quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable, and quality primary and lower secondary education, leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes. Eliminate gender disparities in education, ensure equal access to quality education, enhance relevant skills—including technical and vocational skills—for employment, entrepreneurship, and decent work, and expand lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls is the central focus of Goal 5 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Goal 5 translates the commitment to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and girls everywhere. It calls for ending all forms of violence and harassment, including trafficking, sexual exploitation, and other forms of abuse against women and girls in both public and private spheres.

At the same time, the goal seeks to ensure equal rights and opportunities for women and men, promote the full, equal, and effective participation of women in decision-making in political, economic, and social life, and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation to advance gender equality.

Goal 6 aims to ensure that all people have the right to access clean water and basic sanitation services. To achieve this goal, efforts must focus on improving water quality, reducing water scarcity, and minimizing pollution caused by chemicals, hazardous materials, and untreated wastewater discharged into the environment. It seeks to ensure the provision of safe water and sanitation services for all, particularly in disadvantaged and underserved areas.

In addition, Goal 6 emphasizes the protection and restoration of natural water resources and water-related ecosystems, and the implementation of integrated water resources management. It also calls for expanded international cooperation and capacity-building support for developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programs, including water extraction, desalination, efficient water use, wastewater treatment, and technologies for water recycling and reuse.

Goal 7 aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The goal seeks to reduce dependence on unsustainable and polluting energy sources by promoting the use of renewable, efficient, and clean energy. It creates enabling conditions for digital and industrial innovation in clean energy, thereby supporting the development of a sustainable global energy system that contributes to sustainable economic growth, education, transportation, and improved quality of life.

By 2030, countries should ensure universal access to modern, reliable, and affordable energy services, significantly increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix, and commit to expanding energy access in rural areas and disadvantaged communities to create sustainable development opportunities and improve living standards. At the same time, international cooperation should be strengthened to facilitate access to clean energy research and technologies, expand infrastructure, and upgrade technology to provide modern and sustainable energy services for all countries.

Goal 8 aims to promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. This goal is not only a key pillar in addressing unemployment but is also closely linked to sustainable social and global economic development.

Specifically, Goal 8 calls for maintaining economic growth in line with national circumstances, particularly achieving at least 7 percent annual GDP growth in the least developed countries. It seeks higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading, and innovation, with a focus on high value-added and labor-intensive sectors. The goal promotes development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity, and innovation, and encourages the growth of micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services.

According to the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda, Goal 9 focuses on building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation.

Goal 9 commits to developing modern, flexible, and sustainable infrastructure, particularly in rural areas and developing countries. By 2030, it aims to upgrade infrastructure and increase resource-use efficiency through greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes. It also seeks to enhance scientific research and technological capabilities in industrial sectors across all countries, especially developing nations, and by 2030, to encourage innovation and significantly increase the proportion of workers engaged in research and development per million people. Furthermore, the goal promotes increased access to financial services, technology, and technical support, and greater integration of enterprises into global value chains and markets.

Goal 10 aims to reduce inequality within and among countries by 2030, and to progressively achieve and sustain income growth for the bottom 40 percent of the population at a rate higher than the national average. It seeks to empower and promote the social, economic, and political inclusion of all people, regardless of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, economic status, or other conditions.

The goal emphasizes ensuring equal opportunities and reducing inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies, and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies, and actions. It also calls for the adoption of fiscal, wage, and social protection policies to progressively achieve greater equality.

Goal 11 highlights the critical role of sustainable and resilient urban and rural development in ensuring safe living and working environments and balanced population and labor distribution as part of national sustainable development.

By 2030, cities and human settlements should become inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. The goal seeks to ensure access for all—particularly vulnerable groups, women, children, persons with disabilities, and older persons—to adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic services, and to provide access to safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport systems. It also emphasizes protecting and safeguarding the world’s cultural and natural heritage, reducing the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, and strengthening urban resilience and preparedness to respond to future crises.

Goal 12 aims to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. It calls for the implementation of the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production, with all countries taking action under the leadership of developed nations, while taking into account the development and capacities of developing countries.

By 2030, the goal seeks to achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources, halve global per capita food waste at the retail and consumer levels, and reduce food losses along production and supply chains. It also promotes the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all waste. In addition, Goal 12 emphasizes supporting developing countries in strengthening their scientific and technological capacity to move toward more sustainable consumption and production patterns, and in developing tools to monitor the impacts of sustainable development on sustainable tourism, job creation, and the promotion of local culture and products.

Goal 13 sets out critical commitments to take urgent and effective action to combat climate change and its impacts, thereby reducing negative effects on the environment and human well-being.

This includes strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries; integrating climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning; and improving education, awareness, and institutional and human capacity for climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning systems. The goal also calls for fulfilling commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change made by developed countries. In addition, it promotes mechanisms to enhance effective climate change-related planning and management capacity in developing countries and small island developing states, with a focus on women, youth, local communities, and vulnerable groups.

The excessive exploitation and use of marine resources have led to numerous challenges, including the depletion of fish stocks and mineral resources, loss of biodiversity, and environmental pollution. To address these issues, the goal of conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development is both urgent and essential, requiring decisive action from all countries. This is the core focus of Goal 14 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Specifically, Goal 14 emphasizes that by 2025, marine pollution must be prevented and significantly reduced, particularly pollution from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution. By 2030, economic benefits should be increased for Small Island Developing States and Least Developed Countries through the sustainable use of marine resources, including sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism. The goal also calls for enhancing scientific knowledge, developing research capacity, and transferring marine technology, as well as improving access to markets and marine resources. Strengthening the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources remains a central priority.

Goal 15 aims to protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems; sustainably manage forests; combat desertification; halt and reverse land degradation; and halt biodiversity loss.

By 2030, urgent and significant actions are required to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, including combating desertification and restoring degraded land and soil. The goal emphasizes the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, and the prevention of the extinction of threatened species. It also promotes the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, and calls for an end to poaching and trafficking of protected plant and animal species. Substantial financial resources must be mobilized from all sources and at all levels to support sustainable forest management and to strengthen global efforts to combat wildlife poaching and trafficking.

Goal 16 seeks to promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. It emphasizes strengthening regional triangular cooperation and international collaboration, bringing renewed vitality to global development partnerships across all dimensions. The goal also highlights the importance of access to science, technology, and innovation, and the promotion, dissemination, and transfer of environmentally sound technologies.

By 2030, all forms of violence and related death rates must be significantly reduced everywhere. The goal calls for ending abuse, exploitation, trafficking, and all forms of violence and torture against children, promoting the rule of law at national and international levels, and ensuring equal access to justice for all. In parallel, it seeks to provide legal identity for all, including birth registration, ensure public access to information, and protect fundamental freedoms in accordance with national legislation and international agreements. It also promotes and enforces non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development.

By fostering strong partnerships and cooperative relationships, Goal 17 advocates for building a united international community in which individuals and organizations collectively contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Accordingly, Goal 17 – Strengthening the means of implementation and revitalizing the global partnership for sustainable development is regarded as a key enabler for addressing global challenges and shaping a sustainable future for all. Collaboration is essential to realizing the goals across all sectors, including finance, technology, capacity building, and trade.

Sustainable development serves as a reminder that nothing is achievable without shared responsibility and cooperation. Without collective responsibility, there is a risk of leaving many people behind. To reach our destination, we must stand alongside those who have lost the most—women, youth, low-income populations, care workers and informal workers, persons with disabilities, refugees, asylum seekers, displaced persons, and marginalized communities. Achieving sustainable development is ultimately a matter of